Research has demonstrated that exercise training benefits the elderly, just as it does younger age groups. Among benefits reported are improved cardiovascular and respiratory function, reduced coronary artery disease risk, decreased body fat and increased lean body mass, increased bone mass, increased work capacity, greater flexibility, reduced susceptibility to depression, improved self-esteem, and more independence. Before starting a vigorous training program, however, the elderly should undergo a thorough physical examination, including medical history, and an exercise stress test to evaluate cardiovascular status. These test results should be used to indicate intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise, as well as reassure patients of its safety. With this approach, full benefits of regular endurance exercise can be realized.