Sulfur mustard (HD) is a highly toxic vesicant and is prohibited by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). HD can modify human serum albumin (HSA) to generate hydroxyethylthioethyl (HETE) adducts, which could be utilized as biomarkers for verifying HD exposure in forensic analysis. Here, five amino acid adducts generated from pronase digestion of HD-exposed human serum albumin (HD-HSA) in plasma were selected as biomarkers to retrospectively detect HD exposure. HD-HSA was precipitated from plasma with acetone, digested by pronase, derivatized with propionic anhydride (PA), and analysed with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TQ MS). The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) of the HD exposure concentrations were evaluated as 1.00 ng/mL at S/N≥3 and 3.00 ng/mL at S/N≥10, respectively, which are approximately 60 times lower than those of the reported method. The approach shows good linearity (R2≥0.997) from 3.00 ng/mL to 10.0 µg/mL of HD-exposed human plasma with satisfactory precision and accuracy. The developed approach was applied to analysing samples from the 6th OPCW Biomedical Proficiency Test (BioPT). The study showed that the developed approach was also suitable for analysing human plasma samples that were exposed to six of HD analogues, which were common impurities in sulfur mustard mixtures. Moreover, the method was successfully applied to plasma from other species, including rabbits, rats and cattle. This study provides a reliable and sensitive tool for the retrospective detection of vesicants exposure based on multiple biomarkers.
Keywords: Human serum albumin; Multiple biomarkers; Retrospective detection; Sulfur mustard; Trace exposure.
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