Paediatric chronic pain as a catalyst for toxic stress

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: sarah.nelson@childrens.harvard.edu.
• ² Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada; Owerko Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada.
• ³ Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
• ⁴ Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
• ⁵ Kelowna, BC, Canada.
• ⁶ Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada; Owerko Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada.