Disability and Lower Social Gradient Increased Risk of Depression Among Pre-Elderly in Indonesia: Finding From a Nationwide Health and Socio-Economic Survey

Asia Pac J Public Health. 2022 Jul;34(5):501-509. doi: 10.1177/10105395221090047. Epub 2022 Apr 18.

Abstract

Prevalence of depression in Indonesia was 6.1% in 2018, while disability was doubled from 11% in 2013 to 22% in 2018. Pre-elderlies are susceptible to experience both disability and depression. We conducted secondary data analysis of nationally representative data to measure the association between disability and depression among pre-elderlies, age 45 to 59 years old. This analysis involved 70,301 pre-elderlies with normal body mass index, and 70,090 with complete data for further analysis with multilevel logistic regression. We found 1.6% pre-elderlies experience depression, 19.1% have disability, while 3.3% of those with disability were depressed. We found likelihood of depression almost three time among pre-elderly with disability (AOR = 2.81). Other variables with independent association are residential area, sex, history of chronic illness, socio-economic, and education level. Preventive measures are needed to improve awareness and to screen for both disability and depression among these age-group, as well as rehabilitative programs to improve their wellbeing.

Keywords: Indonesia; depression; disability; mental health; pre-elderly.

MeSH terms

  • Aged
  • Depression* / epidemiology
  • Disabled Persons*
  • Educational Status
  • Humans
  • Indonesia / epidemiology
  • Middle Aged
  • Prevalence
  • Socioeconomic Factors
  • Surveys and Questionnaires