In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Nayeemul Bari et al. discover an anti-phage immune system in bacteria that uses a single enzyme to accomplish the challenging feat of detecting phage DNA and limiting its replication. Unlike CRISPR-Cas and restriction modification (R-M) systems, which use sequence motifs, nuclease-helicase immunity (Nhi) is proposed to target phage-specific replication intermediates.
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