Fruquintinib Enhances the Antitumor Immune Responses of Anti-Programmed Death Receptor-1 in Colorectal Cancer

Qingli Li; Xiaojiao Cheng; Cong Zhou; Yao Tang; Fuli Li; Baiwen Zhang; Tinglei Huang; Jianzheng Wang; Shuiping Tu

doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.841977

Fruquintinib Enhances the Antitumor Immune Responses of Anti-Programmed Death Receptor-1 in Colorectal Cancer

Front Oncol. 2022 Mar 17:12:841977. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.841977. eCollection 2022.

Authors

Qingli Li¹, Xiaojiao Cheng¹, Cong Zhou¹, Yao Tang¹, Fuli Li¹, Baiwen Zhang¹, Tinglei Huang¹, Jianzheng Wang², Shuiping Tu¹

Affiliations

¹ State Key Laboratory of Oncogenesis and Related Genes, Department of Oncology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
² Department of Oncology, Henan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.

Abstract

Background: Programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) blockade shows little benefit in patients with microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer (MSS-CRC). Fruquintinib is a China-made anti-angiogenic drug which is approved for the third line therapy in mCRC. This study investigates the effect of the combination of fruquintinib and PD-1 blockade on MSS-CRC and its relative mechanisms.

Methods: The mouse allograft tumor models that represent MSS and microsatellite instability (MSI) CRC were established using murine CT26 and MC38 colon cancer cells, respectively, to assess the treatment efficacy. The percentages of immune cells were detected in the peripheral blood, spleen and tumor tissues in the tumor-bearing mice by flow cytometry analysis. Angiogenesis in tumor tissues was detected by immunofluorescence. The safety of drug treatment was evaluated by histopathology analysis in murine main organs. The efficacy of the combination of fruquintinib and sintilimab were verified in the treatment of MSS-CRC patients.

Results: Our results showed that the combination of fruquintinib and sintilimab exhibited the strongest inhibition of tumor growth and achieved the longest survival time in mice bearing MC38 or CT26 xenograft tumors, compared to fruquintinib and sintilimab alone. Mechanistically, the combination of fruquintinib and sintilimab reduced angiogenesis, reprogramed the vascular structure, enhanced the infiltration of CD8⁺T cells (p<0.05), CD8⁺TNFα⁺ (p<0.05) T cells and CD8⁺IFNγ⁺ (p<0.05) T cells and reduced the ratios of MDSCs and macrophages in mice. There was no obvious toxicity observed in the main organs of the tumor-bearing mice with the combined treatment. Moreover, the treatment using the combination of fruquintinib and sintilimab achieved effective response in five patients with refractory advanced MSS CRC.

Conclusion: Our results show that the combination of fruquintinib and sintilimab greatly inhibits CRC growth by altering tumor immune microenvironment. This study provides the rational for using the combination of fruquintinib and anti-PD-1 antibody for the treatment of advanced CRC.

Keywords: anti-angiogenesis; fruquintinib; immunotherapy; microsatellite stable colorectal cancer; sintilimab.