Abstract
Extending from the triple wave epidemic of opioid-related overdose deaths, a fourth wave of high mortality involving methamphetamine and cocaine use has been gathering force. This article provides a review of the published literature on stimulants including epidemiology, pharmacology, neurobiology, medical and psychiatric consequences, withdrawal management, and medical and behavioral treatments.
Keywords:
Behavioral treatments; Cocaine; Epidemiology; Fentanyl; Medication treatments; Methamphetamine; Neurobiology; Pharmacology.
Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
MeSH terms
-
Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists / therapeutic use
-
Adult
-
Anticonvulsants / therapeutic use
-
Behavior Therapy / methods
-
Bupropion / therapeutic use
-
Central Nervous System Stimulants / adverse effects*
-
Central Nervous System Stimulants / pharmacology
-
Cocaine-Related Disorders / drug therapy
-
Cocaine-Related Disorders / epidemiology*
-
Cocaine-Related Disorders / mortality
-
Cognitive Dysfunction / chemically induced
-
Cognitive Dysfunction / epidemiology
-
Comorbidity
-
Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / therapeutic use
-
Female
-
Humans
-
Illicit Drugs / adverse effects
-
Illicit Drugs / pharmacology
-
Male
-
Mental Disorders / chemically induced
-
Mental Disorders / epidemiology
-
Methamphetamine / adverse effects*
-
Methamphetamine / pharmacology
-
Mirtazapine / therapeutic use
-
Neurobiology
-
Neurodegenerative Diseases / chemically induced
-
Neurodegenerative Diseases / epidemiology
-
Opiate Overdose / epidemiology*
-
Opiate Overdose / mortality
-
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / therapy*
-
Topiramate / therapeutic use
-
Transgender Persons
-
United States / epidemiology
Substances
-
Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists
-
Anticonvulsants
-
Central Nervous System Stimulants
-
Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors
-
Illicit Drugs
-
Bupropion
-
Topiramate
-
Methamphetamine
-
Mirtazapine