Objective: To investigate the longitudinal epidemiological characteristics of myopia in primary school students from grade one to grade three in Hubei province, and to analyze the main factors affecting the occurrence and development of myopia, so as to provide the direction and theoretical basis for the prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents. Methods: Longitudinal study. A total of 13, 244 primary school students from grade one to grade three in 17 prefectures and forest districts of Hubei province were included in the study by means of random stratified cluster sampling. Among them, there were 7, 331 boys and 5, 913 girls with an age of (7.7±1.0) years. The same group of students were followed up for two years from October 2017 to October 2019 to complete three data collections. All included subjects underwent visual acuity examination, which required further automatic computer optometry after using cyclopentolate hydrochloride eye drops if the visual acuity was less than 1.0. In the questionnaire, the general situation and eye behavior of the included subjects were collected. The Chi-square test was used to compare the prevalence of myopia among different genders,different reproductive history and grades. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the difference in the mean spherical equivalent refraction, and logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of myopia. Results: The prevalence of myopia was 23.10% at baseline in 2017, 28.67% after one year's follow-up and 33.26% after two years' follow-up among primary school students in grade one to grade three in Hubei province. The overall prevalence of myopia increased with time (χ²=307.47, P<0.05). It also increased with the increase of grades. After two years of follow-up, the myopia rate of students in grades one through three was 25.62%, 35.07% and 41.05%, respectively (χ²=200.98, P<0.05). In 2017, the prevalence of myopia was 21.62% in boys and 24.93% in girls, and it increased to 31.20% and 35.69% after 2 years of follow-up, respectively. Both the prevalence of myopia and the spherical equivalent refraction were higher in girls than in boys. Moreover, myopia was associated with parents' myopia (OR=1.17), less time for outdoor activities (OR=1.06), no rest after half an hour's study (OR=1.18), more time for daily exposure to electronic products (OR=1.07), longer time for extracurricular study (OR=1.09), and higher grades (OR=1.78). Children whose parents were more myopic and who ate sweets and fizzy drinks more often had greater levels of myopia. Conclusions: Myopia occurs early in primary school students of grade one to grade three in Hubei province and increases rapidly. More attention should be paid to good habits for eyes, regular screening, outdoor activities and girls. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2021, 57: 749-756).
目的： 了解湖北省1~3年级小学生近视纵向流行病学特征，分析影响近视眼发生发展的主要因素，为儿童青少年近视眼防控提供方向与理论依据。 方法： 纵向研究。采用随机分层整群抽样的方法，于2017年10至12月纳入湖北省17个地市（州）及林区1~3年级小学生共13 244人作为研究对象，其中男生7 331人，女生5 913人，年龄（7.7±1.0）岁。至2019年10月对这批学生随访2年，完成3次数据收集。所有纳入对象进行视力检查，任意一只眼视力低于1.0则进一步使用盐酸环喷托酯睫状肌痳痹后电脑验光；以问卷调查的形式收集纳入对象的一般情况及用眼行为。采用卡方检验比较不同性别、是否早产、不同年级间近视眼患病率的差异。等效球镜度数的差异比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验，Logistic回归模型分析近视眼相关影响因素。 结果： 湖北省1~3年级小学生2017年基线期近视眼患病率为23.10%（3 059/13 244），随访1年和2年后分别为28.67%（3 366/11 739）和33.26%（3 559/10 701），总体近视眼患病率随时间增长而增高（χ²=307.47，P<0.05）。近视眼患病率随年级增长也逐渐更高。随访2年后1~3年级小学生近视眼患病率分别进展为25.62%、35.07%、41.05%（χ²=200.98，P<0.05）。2017年男生和女生近视眼患病率分别为21.62%和24.93%，随访2年后分别为31.20%和35.69%；女生近视眼患病率和等效球镜度数均高于男生。儿童近视眼的发生与其父母患近视眼［比值比（OR）=1.17］、较少户外活动时间（OR=1.06）、学习达0.5 h不短时休息（OR=1.18）、每天接触电子产品时间长（OR=1.07）、较长课外学习时间（OR=1.09）、更高的年级（OR=1.78）有关。父母近视眼程度重、频繁吃甜食和碳酸饮料的儿童近视眼程度更重。 结论： 湖北省1~3年级小学生近视眼发病年龄早，增长速度快。应建立良好的用眼行为习惯，定期筛查，加强户外活动；应重点关注女孩的近视眼情况。（中华眼科杂志，2021，57：749-756）.