Carbon Atom Insertion into Pyrroles and Indoles Promoted by Chlorodiazirines

J Am Chem Soc. 2021 Aug 4;143(30):11337-11344. doi: 10.1021/jacs.1c06287. Epub 2021 Jul 21.

Abstract

Herein, we report a reaction that selectively generates 3-arylpyridine and quinoline motifs by inserting aryl carbynyl cation equivalents into pyrrole and indole cores, respectively. By employing α-chlorodiazirines as thermal precursors to the corresponding chlorocarbenes, the traditional haloform-based protocol central to the parent Ciamician-Dennstedt rearrangement can be modified to directly afford 3-(hetero)arylpyridines and quinolines. Chlorodiazirines are conveniently prepared in a single step by oxidation of commercially available amidinium salts. Selectivity as a function of pyrrole substitution pattern was examined, and a predictive model based on steric effects is put forward, with DFT calculations supporting a selectivity-determining cyclopropanation step. Computations surprisingly indicate that the stereochemistry of cyclopropanation is of little consequence to the subsequent electrocyclic ring opening that forges the pyridine core, due to a compensatory homoaromatic stabilization that counterbalances orbital-controlled torquoselectivity effects. The utility of this skeletal transform is further demonstrated through the preparation of quinolinophanes and the skeletal editing of pharmaceutically relevant pyrroles.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Azirines / chemistry*
  • Carbon / chemistry*
  • Density Functional Theory
  • Indoles / chemistry*
  • Molecular Structure
  • Pyrroles / chemistry*

Substances

  • Azirines
  • Indoles
  • Pyrroles
  • Carbon