Concomitant attenuation of HMGCR expression and activity enhances the growth inhibitory effect of atorvastatin on TGF-β-treated epithelial cancer cells

Sci Rep. 2021 Jun 17;11(1):12763. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-91928-3.

Abstract

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in primary tumor cells is a key prerequisite for metastasis initiation. Statins, cholesterol-lowering drugs, can delay metastasis formation in vivo and attenuate the growth and proliferation of tumor cells in vitro. The latter effect is stronger in tumor cells with a mesenchymal-like phenotype than in those with an epithelial one. However, the effect of statins on epithelial cancer cells treated with EMT-inducing growth factors such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) remains unclear. Here, we examined the effect of atorvastatin on two epithelial cancer cell lines following TGF-β treatment. Atorvastatin-induced growth inhibition was stronger in TGF-β-treated cells than in cells not thusly treated. Moreover, treatment of cells with atorvastatin prior to TGF-β treatment enhanced this effect, which was further potentiated by the simultaneous reduction in the expression of the statin target enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR). Dual pharmacological targeting of HMGCR can thus strongly inhibit the growth and proliferation of epithelial cancer cells treated with TGF-β and may also improve statin therapy-mediated attenuation of metastasis formation in vivo.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Atorvastatin / pharmacology*
  • Biomarkers, Tumor / metabolism
  • Cell Count
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Cell Proliferation / drug effects
  • Cell Size / drug effects
  • Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / drug effects
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / drug effects
  • Humans
  • Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases / metabolism*
  • Models, Biological
  • Neoplasms / pathology*
  • RNA, Messenger / genetics
  • RNA, Messenger / metabolism
  • Transforming Growth Factor beta / pharmacology*

Substances

  • Biomarkers, Tumor
  • RNA, Messenger
  • Transforming Growth Factor beta
  • Atorvastatin
  • HMGCR protein, human
  • Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases