Evolutionarily conserved hierarchical gene regulatory networks for plant salt stress response

Nat Plants. 2021 Jun;7(6):787-799. doi: 10.1038/s41477-021-00929-7. Epub 2021 May 27.

Abstract

Plant cells constantly alter their gene expression profiles to respond to environmental fluctuations. These continuous adjustments are regulated by multi-hierarchical networks of transcription factors. To understand how such gene regulatory networks (GRNs) have stabilized evolutionarily while allowing for species-specific responses, we compare the GRNs underlying salt response in the early-diverging and late-diverging plants Marchantia polymorpha and Arabidopsis thaliana. Salt-responsive GRNs, constructed on the basis of the temporal transcriptional patterns in the two species, share common trans-regulators but exhibit an evolutionary divergence in cis-regulatory sequences and in the overall network sizes. In both species, WRKY-family transcription factors and their feedback loops serve as central nodes in salt-responsive GRNs. The divergent cis-regulatory sequences of WRKY-target genes are probably associated with the expansion in network size, linking salt stress to tissue-specific developmental and physiological responses. The WRKY modules and highly linked WRKY feedback loops have been preserved widely in other plants, including rice, while keeping their binding-motif sequences mutable. Together, the conserved trans-regulators and the quickly evolving cis-regulatory sequences allow salt-responsive GRNs to adapt over a long evolutionary timescale while maintaining some consistent regulatory structure. This strategy may benefit plants as they adapt to changing environments.

MeSH terms

  • Adaptation, Physiological
  • Arabidopsis / genetics*
  • Arabidopsis Proteins / genetics
  • Biological Evolution
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
  • Gene Regulatory Networks*
  • Marchantia / genetics*
  • Mutation
  • Oryza / genetics
  • Phylogeny
  • Plant Proteins / genetics*
  • Salt Stress / genetics*
  • Transcription Factors / genetics

Substances

  • Arabidopsis Proteins
  • Plant Proteins
  • Transcription Factors