Calcium/calmodulin-dependent regulation of Rac GTPases and Akt in histamine-induced chemotaxis of mast cells

Abstract

Histamine induces chemotaxis of mast cells through the histamine H₄ receptor. This involves the activation of small GTPases, Rac1 and Rac2, downstream of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K). Activation of the H₄ receptor also results in phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated calcium mobilization; however, it is unclear whether the PLC‑calcium pathway interacts with the PI3K-Rac pathway. Here, we demonstrated that calcium mobilization regulates the PI3K-dependent activation of Rac GTPases through calmodulin. A PLC inhibitor (U73122) and an intracellular calcium chelator (BAPTA-AM) suppressed the histamine-induced activation of Rac, whereas the calcium ionophore ionomycin increased the active Rac GTPases, suggesting that intracellular calcium regulates the activation of Rac. The calmodulin antagonist (W-7) inhibited the histamine-induced activation of Rac and migration of mast cells, indicating that calmodulin mediates the effect of calcium. Inhibition of calcium/calmodulin signaling suppressed histamine-induced phosphorylation of Akt. The Akt inhibitor MK-2206 attenuated histamine-induced migration of mast cells. However, it did not suppress the activation of Rac GTPases. These results suggest that Rac GTPases and Akt play independent roles in the histamine-induced chemotaxis of mast cells. Our findings enable further elucidation of the molecular mechanism of histamine-induced chemotaxis of mast cells and help identify therapeutic targets for allergic and inflammatory conditions involving mast cell accumulation.

Keywords: Akt; Chemotaxis; Histamine; Histamine H(4) receptor; Mast cell; Rac GTPase.