The idea to use living microorganisms for disease prevention and treatment was introduced a century ago, but yet the full potential and benefits of microbial therapeutics has not been entirely understood. In the light of developments of human microbiome studies, probiotics are gaining new momentum, where health benefit conferring by Lactobacillus are emerging as one of the novel approaches in the treatment and prophylactics of dysbiosis. The present review focuses on the origin and development of the probiotic's concept, mechanisms of action and anticipated use of probiotic Lactobacillus as well as of microbial therapeutics. The required regulatory frameworks associated with probiotic use and marketing are discussed.