[Fatal course of COVID-19 despite IL-6 receptor blockade in cytokine storm : Perimyocarditis and coagulopathy after administration of tocilizumab]

Anaesthesist. 2021 Feb;70(2):121-126. doi: 10.1007/s00101-020-00871-x. Epub 2020 Oct 16.
[Article in German]

Abstract

A 59-year-old male patient was admitted to hospital diagnosed with moderate pneumonia associated with COVID-19. Upfront treatment with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was started. Due to a clinical deterioration (ARDS, circulatory shock) and greatly increased inflammation markers 6 days after admission, a cytokine storm was suspected and off-label treatment with the IL‑6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab was initiated. Subsequently there was a dramatic rise of D‑dimers indicating pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy and respiratory insufficiency worsened. After a second dose of tocilizumab was administered severe perimyocarditis with cardiac arrhythmia, hemodynamic instability and ST elevation occurred. Shortly afterwards the patient died due to multiorgan failure. From our experience, exacerbation of COVID-19 following treatment with tocilizumab cannot be ruled out. Randomized controlled studies are necessary to further investigate the efficacy, safety and patient selection criteria for tocilizumab treatment in COVID-19.

Ein 59-jähriger Patient wurde wegen einer COVID-19-assoziierten Pneumonie stationär in einem Krankenhaus der Maximalversorgung mit Hydroxychloroquin und Azithromycin behandelt. Aufgrund einer klinischen Verschlechterung (ARDS, Kreislaufschock) sowie stark erhöhten Inflammationsmarkern 6 Tage nach Aufnahme wurde ein Zytokinsturm vermutet und daher der IL-6-Rezeptor-Blocker Tocilizumab verabreicht, woraufhin es zu einer Gerinnungsaktivierung und zunehmender respiratorischer Insuffizienz kam. Direkt nach Zweitgabe des Medikaments am Folgetag trat eine Perimyokarditis mit schweren Herzrhythmusstörungen auf. Der Patient verstarb kurz danach im Multiorganversagen. Eine Verschlechterung des Krankheitsbildes durch Tocilizumab ist unserer Erfahrung nach nicht auszuschließen.

Keywords: ARDS; Coagulopathy; ECMO; Perimyocarditis; Tocilizumab.

Publication types

  • Case Reports

MeSH terms

  • Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / adverse effects*
  • Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / therapeutic use*
  • Antiviral Agents / adverse effects*
  • Antiviral Agents / therapeutic use*
  • Blood Coagulation Disorders / etiology*
  • COVID-19 Drug Treatment*
  • Cytokine Release Syndrome / drug therapy*
  • Fatal Outcome
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Multiple Organ Failure / etiology
  • Myocarditis / etiology*
  • Off-Label Use
  • Receptors, Interleukin-6 / antagonists & inhibitors*
  • Respiratory Distress Syndrome / etiology
  • Respiratory Insufficiency
  • Treatment Outcome

Substances

  • Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
  • Antiviral Agents
  • Receptors, Interleukin-6
  • tocilizumab