1 Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
2 Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care Service, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.
3 Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA emariano@stanford.edu.
4 Anaesthesia, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
5 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
6 Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA.