What we can learn from five naturalistic field experiments that failed to shift commuter behaviour

Nat Hum Behav. 2020 Feb;4(2):169-176. doi: 10.1038/s41562-019-0795-z. Epub 2019 Dec 23.

Abstract

Across five field experiments with employees of a large organization (n = 68,915), we examined whether standard behavioural interventions ('nudges') successfully reduced single-occupancy vehicle commutes. In Studies 1 and 2, we sent letters and emails with nudges designed to increase carpooling. These interventions failed to increase carpool sign-up or usage. In Studies 3a and 4, we examined the efficacy of other well-established behavioural interventions: non-cash incentives and personalized travel plans. Again, we found no positive effect of these interventions. Across studies, effect sizes ranged from Cohen's d = -0.01 to d = 0.05. Equivalence testing, using study-specific smallest effect sizes of interest, revealed that the treatment effects observed in four out of five of our experiments were statistically equivalent to zero (P < 0.04). The failure of these well-powered experiments designed to nudge commuting behaviour highlights both the difficulty of changing commuter behaviour and the importance of publishing null results to build cumulative knowledge about how to encourage sustainable travel.

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Automobile Driving*
  • Consumer Behavior*
  • Cooperative Behavior*
  • Employment
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Motivation*
  • Persuasive Communication*
  • Transportation*