Evaluation of the reactogenicity, adjuvanticity and antigenicity of LT(R192G) and LT(R192G/L211A) by intradermal immunization in mice

PLoS One. 2019 Nov 4;14(11):e0224073. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224073. eCollection 2019.

Abstract

The development of an effective subunit vaccine is frequently complicated by the difficulty of eliciting protective immune responses, often requiring the co-administration of an adjuvant. Heat-labile toxin (LT), an enterotoxin expressed by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) with an AB5 structure similar to cholera toxin, is a strong adjuvant. While the mucosa represents the natural route of exposure to LT and related toxins, the clinical utility of LT and similar adjuvants given by mucosal routes has been limited by toxicity, as well as the association between intranasal delivery of LT and Bell's palsy. Single and double amino acid mutants of LT, LT(R192G)/mLT and LT(R192G/L211A)/dmLT respectively, have been proposed as alternatives to reduce the toxicity associated with the holotoxin. In the present study, we compared mLT and dmLT given via a non-mucosal route (i.e. intradermally) to investigate their adjuvanticity when co-administrated with an enterotoxigenic E. coli vaccine candidate, CfaEB. Antigenicity (i.e. ability to elicit response against LT) and reactogenicity at the injection site were also evaluated. BALB/c mice were immunized by the intradermal route with CfaEB plus increasing doses of either mLT or dmLT (0.01 to 2.5 μg). Both adjuvants induced dose-dependent skin reactogenicity, with dmLT being less reactogenic than mLT. Both adjuvants significantly boosted the anti-CfaE IgG and functional hemagglutination inhibiting (HAI) antibody responses, compared to the antigen alone. In addition to inducing anti-LT responses, even at the lowest dose tested (0.01 μg), the adjuvants also prompted in vitro cytokine responses (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-17) that followed different patterns, depending on the protein used for stimulation (CfaE or LTB) and/or the dose used for immunization. The two LT mutants evaluated here, mLT and dmLT, are potent adjuvants for intradermal immunization and should be further investigated for the intradermal delivery of subunit ETEC vaccines.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Adjuvants, Immunologic / administration & dosage
  • Administration, Mucosal
  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Bacterial / immunology
  • Antigens, Bacterial / immunology*
  • Bacterial Toxins / immunology*
  • Cholera Toxin / immunology
  • Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli / immunology*
  • Enterotoxins / immunology*
  • Escherichia coli Proteins / immunology*
  • Female
  • Immunization / methods
  • Injections, Intradermal / methods
  • Mice
  • Mice, Inbred BALB C
  • Vaccination / methods
  • Vaccines, Subunit / immunology

Substances

  • Adjuvants, Immunologic
  • Antibodies, Bacterial
  • Antigens, Bacterial
  • Bacterial Toxins
  • Enterotoxins
  • Escherichia coli Proteins
  • Vaccines, Subunit
  • Cholera Toxin
  • heat-labile enterotoxin, E coli

Grants and funding

This research was supported by the U.S. Army Military Infectious Diseases Research Program, 6000.RAD1.DA2.A0307 to SJS, PATH-NMRC CRADA, 3162 (08/08/2011) to SJS, and the Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine. At the time this work was carried out, SJS was an active military service member. Currently, SJS is employed by and receives salary from Sanofi Pasteur. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.