Two PKA RIα holoenzyme states define ATP as an isoform-specific orthosteric inhibitor that competes with the allosteric activator, cAMP

Abstract

Protein kinase A (PKA) holoenzyme, comprised of a cAMP-binding regulatory (R)-subunit dimer and 2 catalytic (C)-subunits, is the master switch for cAMP-mediated signaling. Of the 4 R-subunits (RIα, RIβ, RIIα, RIIβ), RIα is most essential for regulating PKA activity in cells. Our 2 RIα₂C₂ holoenzyme states, which show different conformations with and without ATP, reveal how ATP/Mg²⁺ functions as a negative orthosteric modulator. Biochemical studies demonstrate how the removal of ATP primes the holoenzyme for cAMP-mediated activation. The opposing competition between ATP/cAMP is unique to RIα. In RIIβ, ATP serves as a substrate and facilitates cAMP-activation. The isoform-specific RI-holoenzyme dimer interface mediated by N3A-N3A' motifs defines multidomain cross-talk and an allosteric network that creates competing roles for ATP and cAMP. Comparisons to the RIIβ holoenzyme demonstrate isoform-specific holoenzyme interfaces and highlights distinct allosteric mechanisms for activation in addition to the structural diversity of the isoforms.

Keywords: allosteric and orthosteric regulation; cAMP; isoform-specific quaternary structure; protein kinase A; structural biology.