Background: Torticollis is a common neck deformity in both newborn and older children. The various causes of the abnormal posturing of the head differ in severity, long-term consequences and their treatment.
Methods: This article gives an overview of the differential diagnoses of torticollis in children and current literature, and provides insight into our diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm.
Results: A distinction is drawn between congenital and acquired deformities and whether or not they are painful. Most commonly, children present with a congenital muscular torticollis, which has an estimated incidence of 0.3 to 1.9%. The main differential diagnosis of congenital muscular torticollis is Klippel-Feil syndrome. Acquired torticollis often has more severe causes and always needs a thorough diagnostic clarification.
Conclusion: The knowledge of possible causes and their treatment is essential to provide adequate care for affected children and their families and to prevent long-term consequences.
Keywords: Cervical dystonia; Congenital defects; Head; Klippel-Feil syndrome; Treatment.