Background: Severe acute liver failure (SALF) is a rare, but high-mortality, rapidly evolving syndrome that leads to hepatocyte degeneration with impaired liver function. Thioacetamide (TAA) is a known xenobiotic, which promotes the increase of the formation of reactive oxygen species. Erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activates the antioxidant protection of cells. Studies have evidenced the involvement of inflammatory mediators in conditions of oxidative stress.
Aim: To evaluate the antioxidant effects of glutamine on Nrf2 activation and NFκB-mediated inflammation in rats with TAA-induced IHAG.
Methods: Male Wistar rats (n = 28) were divided into four groups: control, control+glutamine, TAA, and TAA + glutamine. Two TAA doses (400 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally, 8 h apart. Glutamine (25 mg/kg) was administered at 30 min, 24 h, and 36 h. At 48 h, blood was collected for liver integrity analysis [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)]. The liver was harvested for histology and assessment of oxidative stress [thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH), Nrf2, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), NADPH quinone oxidoreductase1 (NQO1), superoxide dismutase (SOD)] and inflammatory process.
Results: TAA caused disruption of the hepatic parenchyma, with inflammatory infiltration, massive necrosis, and ballooning degeneration. Glutamine mitigated this tissue damage, with visible regeneration of hepatic parenchyma; decreased TBARS (P < 0.001), GSH (P < 0.01), IL-1β, IL6, and TNFα levels (P <0.01) in hepatic tissue; and decreased blood levels of AST, ALT, and ALP (P <0.05). In addition, CAT, GPx, and GST activities were restored in the glutamine group (P <0.01, P <0.01, and P <0.001, respectively vs TAA alone). Glutamine increased expression of Nrf2 (P < 0.05), NQO1, and SOD (P < 0.01), as well as levels of IL-10 (P <0.001), while decreasing expression of Keap1, TLR4, NFκB (P < 0.001), COX-2 and iNOS, (P < 0.01), and reducing NO2 and NO3 levels (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: In the TAA experimental model of IHAG, glutamine activated the Nrf2 pathway, thus promoting antioxidant protection, and blunted the NFκB-mediated pathway, reducing inflammation.
Keywords: Chemical and drug induced liver injury; Cytokines; Glutamine; Inflammation; Liver failure; Oxidative stress; Thioacetamide.