Background: Both HIV positivity and African American (AA) ethnicity are associated with increased incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Poor immune response to pneumococcal polysaccharide-based vaccines may contribute to the race related increased frequency of IPD in African American HIV positive individuals.
Methods: Caucasian and AA HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals 40-65 years old with CD4+ T cells/µl (CD4) >200 on antiretroviral therapy (ART) received either the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) followed by the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) or PPV only. Serum IgG, IgM and opsonophagocytic antibody responses to serotypes 14 and 23F as well as serum IgG and opsonophagocytic antibody responses to serotype 19A were measured pre- and post-vaccination. We measured serum markers of inflammation in all participants and performed single cell gene expression profiling at the baseline by HD Biomark in Caucasians and African Americans.
Results: There were no significant differences in pre-immunization inflammatory markers or post-vaccination IgG and IgM concentrations between Caucasian and African American participants. However, we found significantly lower opsonophagocytic activity in response to serotypes 14 and 19A in the AA group compared to the Caucasian group. There was no association between inflammatory markers and immune response to vaccination, however we found extensive biomodal variation in gene expression levels in single IgM+ memory B cells. Differentially expressed genes may be related to differences in the immune response between ethnic groups.
Conclusions: Distinct racial differences were found in the functional immune response following either PPV and/or PCV/PPV immunization in HIV-positive adults, although these differences were serotype dependent. Decreased ability to respond to vaccination may in part explain racial disparities in pneumococcal disease epidemiology. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03039491.
Keywords: B cells; HIV infection; Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine; Racial disparities; Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Published by Elsevier Ltd.