Epistaxis in the cirrhotic patient: A complication to be considered

Abstract

Introduction: Epistaxis in cirrhotic patients is a common issue. However, the literature published to date is very scarce.

Material and methods: Retrospective case series of patients with cirrhosis who presented with a significant epistaxis, between 2006 and 2016.

Results: Data were collected from 39 cirrhotic patients with a mean age of 61.4 (±14) years, 75% of which were males. The main comorbidities were hypertension (33%) and diabetes mellitus (26%). Seven (18%) patients were taking antiplatelet drugs and 3 (8%) anticoagulants. One third of patients had a previous history of epistaxis and 6 had a previous ENT pathology. The main aetiological factor of cirrhosis was alcohol in 46% of cases, with 15 (38%) patients presenting with Child A, 12 (31%) Child B and 12 (31%) Child C class. The median MELD score upon admission was 16 [12-21]. Thirty-five (97%) patients had portal hypertension. At admission, the median platelet count was 89,000 [60,000-163,000] and mean INR was 1.52 (±0.37). Clinically, epistaxis presented as haematemesis or melaena in 8 (21%) patients, simulating gastrointestinal bleeding due to swallowing of blood. In 10 (26%) patients, epistaxis was considered as the probable trigger of an episode of hepatic encephalopathy. Two patients required ICU admission due to bleeding and 8 (21%) died during hospitalisation due to causes not directly related to epistaxis.

Conclusions: Epistaxis is a complication to be taken into account in cirrhotic patients, as it can act as an encephalopathy trigger or simulate an episode of gastrointestinal bleeding.

Keywords: Chronic hepatopathy; Cirrhosis; Cirrosis; Epistaxis; Hepatopatía crónica; Nosebleed; Sangrado nasal.