Survival in congenital heart disease has steadily improved since 1938, when Dr. Robert Gross successfully ligated for the first time a patent ductus arteriosus in a 7-year-old child. To continue the gains made over the past 80 years, transformative changes with broad impact are needed in management of congenital heart disease. Three-dimensional printing is an emerging technology that is fundamentally affecting patient care, research, trainee education, and interactions among medical teams, patients, and caregivers. This paper first reviews key clinical cases where the technology has affected patient care. It then discusses 3-dimensional printing in trainee education. Thereafter, the role of this technology in communication with multidisciplinary teams, patients, and caregivers is described. Finally, the paper reviews translational technologies on the horizon that promise to take this nascent field even further.
Keywords: 3D printing; 3D, three-dimensional; ACHD, adults with congenital heart disease; APC, aortopulmonary collaterals; ASD, atrial septal defect; CHD, congenital heart disease; CT, computed tomography; DORV, double outlet right ventricle; MAPCAs, multiple aortopulmonary collaterals; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; OR, operating room; VSD, ventricular septal defect; cardiac imaging; cardiothoracic surgery; congenital heart disease; simulation.