Molecular Recognition of the Hybrid-2 Human Telomeric G-Quadruplex by Epiberberine: Insights into Conversion of Telomeric G-Quadruplex Structures

Abstract

Human telomeres can form DNA G-quadruplex (G4), an attractive target for anticancer drugs. Human telomeric G4s bear inherent structure polymorphism, challenging for understanding specific recognition by ligands or proteins. Protoberberines are medicinal natural-products known to stabilize telomeric G4s and inhibit telomerase. Here we report epiberberine (EPI) specifically recognizes the hybrid-2 telomeric G4 predominant in physiologically relevant K⁺ solution and converts other telomeric G4 forms to hybrid-2, the first such example reported. Our NMR structure in K⁺ solution shows EPI binding induces extensive rearrangement of the previously disordered 5'-flanking and loop segments to form an unprecedented four-layer binding pocket specific to the hybrid-2 telomeric G4; EPI recruits the (-1) adenine to form a "quasi-triad" intercalated between the external tetrad and a T:T:A triad, capped by a T:T base pair. Our study provides structural basis for small-molecule drug design targeting the human telomeric G4.

Keywords: G-quadruplexes; G4-drug complexes; NMR spectroscopy; anticancer drug targets; berberine; human telomeres.