Refractive, corneal, and ocular residual astigmatism: distribution in a German population and age dependency-the Gutenberg Health Study

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany. alexander.k.schuster@gmx.de.
• ² Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
• ³ Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine / Department of Medicine 2, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
• ⁴ Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
• ⁵ Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
• ⁶ German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany.
• ⁷ Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
• ⁸ Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
• ⁹ Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
• ¹⁰ Center for Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
• ¹¹ Dardenne Eye Hospital, Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany.