Directional leads for deep brain stimulation: Opportunities and challenges

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
• ² APHP, INSERM, ICM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC 1422, Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
• ³ Clinique de Neurochirurgie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
• ⁴ Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
• ⁵ Department of Neurosurgery, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
• ⁶ Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
• ⁷ Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
• ⁸ Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
• ⁹ Department of Neurosurgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.