The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of nurse-initiated interventions (NIIs) on patient outcomes in the emergency department (ED).More specifically, the objectives are to identify the effectiveness of NIIs, including but not limited to, nurse-initiated medications, nurse-initiated intravenous fluid therapy and nurse-initiated pathology on patient waiting time, time to treatment, length of stay, pain levels, symptom relief, patient satisfaction, leave without being seen rates and mortality rates in ED settings.