Hepatoprotective Effect of Quercetin on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Inflammation after Intense Exercise in Mice through Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase and Nuclear Factor-Kappa B

Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016:2016:8696587. doi: 10.1155/2016/8696587. Epub 2016 Jul 18.

Abstract

The mechanisms underlying intense exercise-induced liver damage and its potential treatments remain unclear. We explored the hepatoprotection and mechanisms of quercetin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, in strenuous exercise-derived endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and inflammation. Intense exercise (28 m/min at a 5° slope for 90 min) resulted in the leakage of aminotransferases in the BALB/C mice. The hepatic ultrastructural malformations and oxidative stress levels were attenuated by quercetin (100 mg/kg·bw). Intense exercise and thapsigargin- (Tg-) induced ERS (glucose-regulated protein 78, GRP78) and inflammatory cytokines levels (IL-6 and TNF-α) were decreased with quercetin. Furthermore, quercetin resulted in phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) induction, Ca(2+) restoration, and blockade of the activities of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and especially NF-κB (p65 and p50 nuclear translocation). A PI3K inhibitor abrogated the protection of quercetin on ERS and inflammation of mouse hepatocytes. SP600125 (JNK inhibitor), AEBSF (ATF6 inhibitor), and especially PDTC (NF-κB inhibitor) enhanced the quercetin-induced protection against Tg stimulation. Collectively, intense exercise-induced ERS and inflammation were attenuated by quercetin. PI3K/Akt activation and JNK, ATF6, and especially NF-κB suppression were involved in the protection. Our results highlight a novel preventive strategy for treating ERS and inflammation-mediated liver damage induced by intense exercise using natural phytochemicals.

MeSH terms

  • Activating Transcription Factor 6 / metabolism
  • Animals
  • Anti-Inflammatory Agents / pharmacology*
  • Antioxidants / pharmacology
  • Cells, Cultured
  • Cytoprotection
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / drug effects*
  • Heat-Shock Proteins / metabolism
  • Hepatocytes / drug effects*
  • Hepatocytes / enzymology
  • Hepatocytes / ultrastructure
  • Inflammation / enzymology
  • Inflammation / etiology
  • Inflammation / pathology
  • Inflammation / prevention & control*
  • Interleukin-6 / metabolism
  • JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / metabolism
  • Liver / drug effects*
  • Liver / enzymology
  • Liver / ultrastructure
  • Male
  • Mice, Inbred BALB C
  • NF-kappa B / metabolism*
  • Oxidative Stress / drug effects
  • Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase / metabolism*
  • Physical Exertion*
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / metabolism
  • Quercetin / pharmacology*
  • Signal Transduction / drug effects
  • Thapsigargin / pharmacology
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / metabolism

Substances

  • Activating Transcription Factor 6
  • Anti-Inflammatory Agents
  • Antioxidants
  • Atf6 protein, mouse
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
  • Heat-Shock Proteins
  • Hspa5 protein, mouse
  • Interleukin-6
  • NF-kappa B
  • Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
  • interleukin-6, mouse
  • Thapsigargin
  • Quercetin
  • Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
  • JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases