The Conserved MAPK Site in E(spl)-M8, an Effector of Drosophila Notch Signaling, Controls Repressor Activity during Eye Development

PLoS One. 2016 Jul 18;11(7):e0159508. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159508. eCollection 2016.

Abstract

The specification of patterned R8 photoreceptors at the onset of eye development depends on timely inhibition of Atonal (Ato) by the Enhancer of split (E(spl) repressors. Repression of Ato by E(spl)-M8 requires the kinase CK2 and is inhibited by the phosphatase PP2A. The region targeted by CK2 harbors additional conserved Ser residues, raising the prospect of regulation via multi-site phosphorylation. Here we investigate one such motif that meets the consensus for modification by MAPK, a well-known effector of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling. Our studies reveal an important role for the predicted MAPK site of M8 during R8 birth. Ala/Asp mutations reveal that the CK2 and MAPK sites ensure that M8 repression of Ato and the R8 fate occurs in a timely manner and at a specific stage (stage-2/3) of the morphogenetic furrow (MF). M8 repression of Ato is mitigated by halved EGFR dosage, and this effect requires an intact MAPK site. Accordingly, variants with a phosphomimetic Asp at the MAPK site exhibit earlier (inappropriate) activity against Ato even at stage-1 of the MF, where a positive feedback-loop is necessary to raise Ato levels to a threshold sufficient for the R8 fate. Analysis of deletion variants reveals that both kinase sites (CK2 and MAPK) contribute to 'cis'-inhibition of M8. This key regulation by CK2 and MAPK is bypassed by the E(spl)D mutation encoding the truncated protein M8*, which potently inhibits Ato at stage-1 of R8 birth. We also provide evidence that PP2A likely targets the MAPK site. Thus multi-site phosphorylation controls timely onset of M8 repressor activity in the eye, a regulation that appears to be dispensable in the bristle. The high conservation of the CK2 and MAPK sites in the insect E(spl) proteins M7, M5 and Mγ, and their mammalian homologue HES6, suggest that this mode of regulation may enable E(spl)/HES proteins to orchestrate repression by distinct tissue-specific mechanisms, and is likely to have broader applicability than has been previously recognized.

MeSH terms

  • Amino Acid Sequence
  • Animals
  • Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors / genetics*
  • Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors / metabolism
  • Casein Kinase II / genetics
  • Casein Kinase II / metabolism
  • Conserved Sequence
  • Drosophila Proteins / genetics*
  • Drosophila Proteins / metabolism
  • Drosophila melanogaster / genetics*
  • Drosophila melanogaster / growth & development
  • Drosophila melanogaster / metabolism
  • ErbB Receptors / genetics
  • ErbB Receptors / metabolism
  • Eye / cytology
  • Eye / growth & development
  • Eye / metabolism*
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental*
  • Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / genetics*
  • Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / metabolism
  • Mutation
  • Nerve Tissue Proteins / genetics
  • Nerve Tissue Proteins / metabolism
  • Organogenesis / genetics
  • Phosphorylation
  • Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate / cytology
  • Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate / metabolism*
  • Protein Phosphatase 2 / genetics
  • Protein Phosphatase 2 / metabolism
  • Receptors, Invertebrate Peptide / genetics
  • Receptors, Invertebrate Peptide / metabolism
  • Receptors, Notch / genetics*
  • Receptors, Notch / metabolism
  • Repressor Proteins / genetics*
  • Repressor Proteins / metabolism
  • Sequence Alignment
  • Signal Transduction

Substances

  • Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors
  • Drosophila Proteins
  • E(spl)m7-HLH protein, Drosophila
  • N protein, Drosophila
  • Nerve Tissue Proteins
  • Receptors, Invertebrate Peptide
  • Receptors, Notch
  • Repressor Proteins
  • ato protein, Drosophila
  • Egfr protein, Drosophila
  • ErbB Receptors
  • Casein Kinase II
  • Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
  • Protein Phosphatase 2

Grants and funding

The authors have no support or funding to report.