Context: Patients presenting with heart failure symptoms are categorized into heart failure (HF) with reduced and preserved ejection fraction.
Objective: Aim is to investigate the additional use of candidate biomarkers to characterize patients with either sub-type of HF.
Methods: Literature search was conducted in the electronic databases MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception through November 2014.
Results: The results of 47 diseased and general population cohorts were included.
Conclusion: Current studies could outline the additional use of candidate biomarkers especially GDF-15, MR-proADM and high-sensitive determined troponin, although major outcome studies are still missing.
Keywords: Growth-differentiation factor 15; heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction; highly sensitive determined troponin; soluble source of tumorigenicity 2.