Cardiorenal Syndrome and the Role of the Bone-Mineral Axis and Anemia

Abstract

The association between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is well established, and there is mounting evidence of interorgan cross talk that may accelerate pathologic processes and the progression of organ dysfunction in both systems. This process, termed cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) by the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative, is considered a major health problem: patients with CKD and CVD are at much higher risk of mortality than patients with either condition alone. To date, the majority of CRS research has focused on neurohormonal mechanisms and hemodynamic alterations. However, mounting evidence suggests that abnormalities in the normal pathophysiology of the bone-mineral axis, iron, and erythropoietin play a role in accelerating CKD and CVD. The goal of this article is to review the role and interrelated effects of the bone-mineral axis and anemia in the pathogenesis of chronic CRS.

Keywords: Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS); anemia; bone-mineral axis; cardiovascular disease (CVD); chronic kidney disease (CKD); end-stage renal disease (ESRD); erythropoietin (EPO); fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23); heart failure (HF); iron; phosphate; renal dysfunction; review; vitamin D.