Pathophysiology and biomarkers in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathies

Abstract

Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is an acquired dysimmune disorder characterized by strong heterogeneity in terms of clinical manifestations, prognostic and response to treatment. To date, its pathophysiology and potential target antigens are not totally identified despite substantial progress in the understanding of the involved molecular mechanisms. Recent researches in the field have underlined the importance of cell-mediated immunity (lymphocytesT CD4+, CD8+ and macrophages), the breakdown of blood-nerve barrier, a failure of T-cell regulation, and the disruption of nodal and paranodal organization at the node of Ranvier. This last point is possibly mediated by autoantibodies towards axoglial adhesion molecules which may disrupt sodium and potassium voltage-gated channels clustering leading to a failure of saltatory conduction and the apparition of conduction blocks. The purpose of this article is to overview the main pathophysiologic mechanisms and biomarkers identified in CIDP.

Keywords: Biomarkers; Biomarqueurs; Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy; Dysimmunity; Dysimmunité; Nodo-paranodopathies; Pathophysiology; Physiopathologie; Polyradiculoneuropathie inflammatoire démyélinisante chronique.