The effects of novel polymeric therapeutics based on water-soluble N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymers (P(HPMA)) bearing the anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox), an inhibitor of ABC transporters, or both, on the viability and the proliferation of the murine monocytic leukemia cell line P388 (parental cell line) and its doxorubicin-resistant subline P388/MDR were studied in vitro. The inhibitor derivatives 5-methyl-4-oxohexanoyl reversin 121 (MeOHe-R121) and 5-methyl-4-oxohexanoyl ritonavir ester (MeOHe-RIT), showing the highest inhibitory activities, were conjugated to the P(HPMA) via the biodegradable pH-sensitive hydrazone bond, and the ability of these conjugates to block the ATP driven P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump was tested. The P(HPMA) conjugate P-Ahx-NH-N═MeOHe-R121 showed a dose-dependent increase in the ability to sensitize the P388/MDR cells to Dox from 1.5 to 24 μM, and achieved an approximately 50-fold increase in sensitization at 24 μM. The P(HPMA) conjugate P-Ahx-NH-N═MeOHe-RIT showed moderate activity at 6 μM (∼10 times higher sensitization) and increased sensitization by 50-fold at 12 μM. The cytostatic activity of the P(HPMA) conjugate P-Ahx-NH-N═MeOHe-R121(Dox) containing Dox and the P-gp inhibitor MeOHe-R121, both bound via hydrazone bonds to the P(HPMA) carrier, was almost 30 times higher than that of the conjugate P-Ahx-NH-N═Dox toward the P388/MDR cells in vitro. A similar result was observed for P-Ahx-NH-N═MeOHe-RIT(Dox), which exhibited almost 10 times higher cytostatic activity than P-Ahx-NH-N═Dox.