Histomorphochemical comparison of microfracture as a first-line and a salvage procedure: is microfracture still a viable option for knee cartilage repair in a salvage situation?

Abstract

Microfracture is considered as the first-line procedure for knee cartilage repair, but the results of microfracture seem less predictable and rather controversial in a salvage situation. Thus, the purpose of the study was to histomorphochemically compare microfracture as a salvage procedure with microfracture as a first-line procedure in a rabbit model. We hypothesized that microfracture in a salvage situation would result in histomorphochemically inferior cartilage repair compared to microfracture as a first-line procedure, and the inferiority would be attributed to less migration of reparable marrow cells to the defect due to destruction of microarchitecture of the subchondral bone. Thirty-six New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three groups: (i) untreated full-thickness chondral defect, (ii) single microfracture treatment (first microfracture group), and (iii) repeated microfracture in 8 weeks after the first procedure (second microfracture group). In each group, rabbits were sacrificed at the end of 8 weeks, and osteochondral specimens at the repair sites were obtained for histomorphochemical analysis. Results showed that microfracture as a salvage procedure resulted in overall inferior cartilage repair histomorphochemically compared with microfracture as a first-line procedure, which correlated with deteriorative changes in the quality of underlying subchondral bone rather than intrinsic incapability to recruit the reparative cells in the defect area. In conclusion, although a comparable number of reparable cells and a mechanically weakened subchondral bone are anticipated, more study is necessary to clearly determine when a microfracture should be performed in a situation.

Keywords: bone marrow stimulation; cartilage repair; knee; mesenchymal stem cell; microfracture; subchondral bone.