Biodegradation and metabolic pathway of sulfamethoxazole by Pseudomonas psychrophila HA-4, a newly isolated cold-adapted sulfamethoxazole-degrading bacterium

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2014 May;98(10):4671-81. doi: 10.1007/s00253-013-5488-3. Epub 2014 Feb 13.

Abstract

Sulfamethoxazole is a common antibiotic that is frequently detected in wastewater and surface water. This study investigated the biodegradation and metabolic pathway of sulfamethoxazole by Pseudomonas psychrophila HA-4, a cold-adapted bacterium. Strain HA-4, which uses sulfamethoxazole as its sole source of carbon and energy, was isolated at a low temperature (10 °C) and identified as P. psychrophila by physico-biochemical characterization and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Strain HA-4 removed sulfamethoxazole at temperatures ranging from 5.0 °C to 30 °C, with the maximal removal rate at 10 °C. The maximal removal rate of sulfamethoxazole by strain HA-4 was 34.30 % after 192 h at 10 °C. The highest percentage of unsaturated fatty acid was determined to be 23.03 % at 10 °C, which adheres to the characteristic for cold-adapted psychrophiles and psychrotrophs. At low concentrations of sulfamethoxazole, the growth kinetics correlated well with the Haldane model. The single-substrate parameter values of sulfamethoxazole on cell growth were determined to be μ max = 0.01 h(-1), K s = 20.91 mg/l and K i = 170.60 mg/l. Additionally, the major intermediates from sulfamethoxazole biodegradation by strain HA-4, including aniline, 3-amino-5-methylisoxazole, 4-aminothiophenol and sulfanilamide, were identified by GC-MS and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) analysis. The results demonstrate that strain HA-4 has the potential to degrade sulfamethoxazole at low temperatures.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Biotransformation
  • Carbon / metabolism
  • Cluster Analysis
  • Cold Temperature
  • DNA, Bacterial / chemistry
  • DNA, Bacterial / genetics
  • DNA, Ribosomal / chemistry
  • DNA, Ribosomal / genetics
  • Energy Metabolism
  • Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / analysis
  • Mass Spectrometry
  • Metabolic Networks and Pathways / genetics*
  • Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
  • Molecular Sequence Data
  • Phylogeny
  • Pseudomonas / classification
  • Pseudomonas / isolation & purification*
  • Pseudomonas / metabolism*
  • Pseudomonas / radiation effects
  • RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / genetics
  • Sequence Analysis, DNA
  • Sulfamethoxazole / metabolism*

Substances

  • DNA, Bacterial
  • DNA, Ribosomal
  • Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
  • RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
  • Carbon
  • Sulfamethoxazole

Associated data

  • GENBANK/JQ968688