Optimizing separation conditions of 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by cyclodextrin-modified capillary electrophoresis and applications to edible oils

Abstract

For the first time, the separation of 19 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) listed as priority pollutants in environmental and food samples by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) and the European Food Safety Authority was developed in cyclodextrin (CD)-modified capillary zone electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (excitation wavelength: 325 nm). The use of a dual CD system, involving a mixture of one neutral CD and one anionic CD, enabled to reach unique selectivity. As solutes were separated based on their differential partitioning between the two CDs, the CD relative concentrations were investigated to optimize selectivity. Separation of 19 PAHs with enhanced resolutions as compared with previous studies on the 16 US-EPA PAHs and efficiencies superior to 1.5 × 10(5) were achieved in 15 min using 10mM sulfobutyl ether-β-CD and 20mM methyl-β-CD. The use of an internal standard (umbelliferone) with appropriate electrolyte and sample compositions, rinse sequences and sample vial material resulted in a significant improvement in method repeatability. Typical RSD variations for 6 successive experiments were between 0.8% and 1.7% for peak migration times and between 1.2% and 4.9% for normalized corrected peak areas. LOQs in the low µg/L range were obtained. For the first time in capillary electrophoresis, applications to real vegetable oil extracts were successfully carried out using the separation method developed here.

Keywords: 5-methylchrysene; ACP; ACY; ANT; BaA; BaP; BbFA; BcFLR; BghiP; BjFA; BkFA; CD; CHR; CPcdP; CZE; Capillary zone electrophoresis; Cyclodextrins; DBaeP; DBahA; DBahP; DBaiP; DBalP; DS; EFSA; Edible oils; European Food Safety Authority; FA; FLR; Fluorescence detection; IP; LIF; MCH; Me-β-CD; MeOH; NPH; PAH; PHE; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Pyr; SBE-β-CD; US-EPA; United States Environmental Protection Agency; acenaphthene; acenaphthylene; anthracene; benzo(a)anthracene; benzo(a)pyrene; benzo(b)fluoranthene; benzo(c)fluorene; benzo(ghi)perylene; benzo(j)fluoranthene; benzo(k)fluoranthene; capillary zone electrophoresis; chrysene; cyclodextrin; cyclopenta(c-d)pyrene; degree of substitution; dibenzo(a,e)pyrene; dibenzo(a,h)anthracene; dibenzo(a,h)pyrene; dibenzo(a,i)pyrene; dibenzo(a,l)pyrene; fluoranthene; fluorene; indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene; laser-induced fluorescence; methanol; methyl-β-CD; naphthalene; phenanthrene; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; pyrene; sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin.