Graves upper eyelid retraction

Antonio Augusto Velasco Cruz; Sara F T Ribeiro; Denny M Garcia; Patricia Mitiko Akaishi; Carolina T Pinto

doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.02.007

Graves upper eyelid retraction

Surv Ophthalmol. 2013 Jan-Feb;58(1):63-76. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.02.007.

Authors

Antonio Augusto Velasco Cruz¹, Sara F T Ribeiro, Denny M Garcia, Patricia Mitiko Akaishi, Carolina T Pinto

Affiliation

¹ Department of Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil. aavecruz@fmrp.usp.br

PMID: 23217588
DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.02.007

Abstract

Graves upper eyelid retraction (GUER) is the most common and characteristic sign of Graves orbitopathy. Despite being well recognized since the 19th century, GUER is still a subject of controversy. We review GUER, including historical aspects, diagnosis, methods of measurements, ocular surface abnormalities, etiology, and medical and surgical treatments. There is no consensus about the mechanisms of its etiology or the best surgical correction. There is a need for quantitative studies on the effects of GUER on lid movements.

Publication types

Review

MeSH terms

Eyelid Diseases* / diagnosis
Eyelid Diseases* / etiology
Eyelid Diseases* / therapy
Graves Ophthalmopathy* / diagnosis
Graves Ophthalmopathy* / etiology
Graves Ophthalmopathy* / therapy
Humans