Studies have shown that many adverse health effects are associated with human exposure to dietary or environmental estrogens. Therefore, the development of rapid and highly sensitive detection methods for estrogens is very important and necessary to maintain hormonal concentration below the safety limit. Herein, we demonstrate a simple and rapid approach to detect trace amounts of phenolic estrogen based on surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS). Because of a coupling reaction between diazonium ions and the phenolic estrogens, azo compounds are formed with strong SERRS activity, which allows phenolic estrogen recognition at subnanomolar levels in solution. The proposed protocol has multiplexing capability, because each SERRS fingerprint of the azo dyes specifically corresponds to the related estrogen. Moreover, it is universal and highly selective, not only for phenolic estrogens but also for other phenolic molecules, even in complex systems.