Quantitative assessment of nipple perfusion with near-infrared fluorescence imaging

Ann Plast Surg. 2013 Feb;70(2):149-53. doi: 10.1097/SAP.0b013e31822f9af7.

Abstract

Preserving the nipple-areolar complex with a nipple-sparing mastectomy improves cosmesis compared with skin-sparing mastectomy. However, complications such as necrosis of the nipple-areolar complex significantly affect cosmetic outcome. Many factors influence nipple-areolar perfusion, and no consensus currently exists on optimal incisional choice. This study evaluates 2 nipple-sparing mastectomy incision models using near-infrared fluorescence to assess perfusion quantitatively. The periareolar and radial incisions were compared with 2 control models in Yorkshire pigs (N = 6). Methylene blue and indocyanine green were injected intravenously, and near-infrared fluorescence images were recorded at 3 time points: before surgery, immediately after (0 hour), and 3 days postoperatively. Contrast-to-background ratio was used to assess perfusion. At 72 hours, radial incisions showed a statistically significantly higher perfusion compared with periareolar incisions (P < 0.05). Based on our findings, radial incisions for nipple-sparing mastectomy may be preferable due to higher perfusion; however, clinical trials are necessary for further assessment.

Publication types

  • Comparative Study
  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Coloring Agents
  • Disease Models, Animal
  • Female
  • Indocyanine Green
  • Mastectomy / methods*
  • Methylene Blue
  • Nipples / blood supply*
  • Nipples / surgery*
  • Optical Imaging*
  • Swine

Substances

  • Coloring Agents
  • Indocyanine Green
  • Methylene Blue