Background: Before the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, prognosis of anal squamous-cell carcinoma was worse when patients were infected with HIV. Since then, contradictory results have been reported.
Objective: To compare the results of chemoradiotherapy in HIV-infected and uninfected patients with anal carcinoma.
Design: Retrospective analysis of medical records.
Setting: Tertiary care center in France.
Patients: Patients with invasive anal carcinoma treated from 2001 through 2006.
Interventions: Chemoradiotherapy included 60 Gy pelvic irradiation and cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Surgery was performed for local failures or complications.
Main outcome measures: Tolerance for chemoradiotherapy, tumor control, and survival were evaluated.
Results: A total of 46 patients (20 HIV-infected and 26 uninfected) were treated for nonmetastatic anal carcinoma. Median follow-up was 32.5 (range, 7-84) months. HIV-infected patients were more likely to be men (95% vs 23%, P < .001) and were younger (median age, 46 vs 62 years, P < .001) than uninfected patients. The viral load was less than 200 copies/mL in 15 (75%) of the HIV-infected patients. The duration of chemoradiotherapy was longer in HIV-infected than in uninfected patients (median, 103 vs 84 days, P = .027). Chemoradiotherapy failed to achieve local control in 10 (50%) HIV-infected and in 6 (23%) uninfected patients (P = .057). In HIV-infected patients, failure rates were higher in patients who required prolonged chemoradiotherapy than in those who received treatment as scheduled (7/11, 64% vs 1/7, 14%; P = .039). During follow-up, 7 (35%) of the HIV-infected and 3 (12%) of the uninfected patients died, all from anal carcinoma. The 5-year overall survival rate was 39% for HIV-infected and 84% for uninfected patients (P = .026); 5-year disease-free survival was 37% in HIV-infected and 75% in uninfected patients (P = .06).
Limitations: Retrospective design, lack of data regarding precise toxicity grading, and use of cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy.
Conclusions: Even in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV-infected patients with anal squamous-cell carcinoma show impaired tolerance to chemoradiotherapy, have a lower survival rate, and may have a higher rate of local failure compared with uninfected patients.