Results were reviewed in 46 patients who had stage I and II head and neck non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and received five to six cycles of CVP chemotherapy after regional irradiation. Disease-free survival, pattern of relapse, and time of relapse were compared with those of 64 patients, who received regional irradiation alone. Adjuvant, post irradiation CVP significantly improved five-year survival in stage I (and IE) disease, 49.6% to 81.9% (p less than 0.05), but was less successful in patients with heavier tumor burden, such as stage II disease or advanced loco regional disease in Waldeyer's ring (48.3% to 63.7%; p greater than 0.10 in stage II patients). In addition, in those who relapsed, the time and pattern of relapse were not altered by adjuvant CVP chemotherapy. This easily tolerated, mild adjuvant chemotherapy, we conclude, failed to prove significant in preventing relapse, especially in patients with heavier tumor burden.