Current approaches for the treatment of tumours typically employ broad acting radiotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic approaches, which have led to high success rates but can be associated with unwanted side-effects. Cytotoxic T cell (CTL)-based immunotherapy offers an alternative approach that is designed to specifically target protein antigens expressed in malignant cells and is thus likely to limit any adverse side-effects. Defining tumour-specific antigens is therefore critical for the successful application of CTL-based therapy. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancies offer an attractive target for CTL-based immunotherapy due to presence of virally encoded antigens in the malignant cells. Recent success in treating Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) using cytotoxic T cell (CTL)-based immunotherapy has led to interest in the development of CTL-based immunotherapy to treat other EBV-associated malignancies in which antigen expression patterns are well defined but limited to a restricted number of proteins.