In hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) breeding, doubled haploids (DH) are increasingly replacing inbreds developed by recurrent selfing. Doubled haploids may be developed directly from S(0) plants in the parental cross or via S(1) families. In both these breeding schemes, we examined 2 two-stage selecting strategies, i.e., considering or ignoring cross and family structure while selection among and within parental crosses and S(1) families. We examined the optimum allocation of resources to maximize the selection gain DeltaG and the probability P(q) of identifying the q% best genotypes. Our specific objectives were to (1) determine the optimum number and size of crosses and S(1) families, as well as the optimum number of test environments and (2) identify the superior selection strategy. Selection was based on the evaluation of testcross progenies of (1) DH lines in both stages (DHTC) and (2) S(1) families in the first stage and of DH lines within S(1) families in the second stage (S(1)TC-DHTC) with uniform and variable sizes of crosses and S(1) families. We developed and employed simulation programs for selection with variable sizes of crosses and S(1) families within crosses. The breeding schemes and selection strategies showed similar relative efficiency for both optimization criteria DeltaG and P (0.1%). As compared with DHTC, S(1)TC-DHTC had larger DeltaG and P (0.1%), but a higher standard deviation of DeltaG. The superiority of S(1)TC-DHTC was increased when the selection was done among all DH lines ignoring their cross and family structure and using variable sizes of crosses and S(1) families. In DHTC, the best selection strategy was to ignore cross structures and use uniform size of crosses.