Spatial distributions of both total (i.e. 16S rDNA-based fingerprints) and active (i.e. 16S rRNA-based fingerprints) bacterial populations, together with total bacterial activity measured by 3H-leucine incorporation, were studied along a 98 km transect in the NW Mediterranean Sea. Capillary electrophoresis-single strand conformation polymorphism (CE-SSCP) fingerprinting was coupled to a clone library, allowing CE-SSCP peaks identification and the monitoring of the spatial variation of bacterial phylotypes. Up to 80% of the community peaks matched those obtained from clone library sequences, accounting for 86.7% of the total fingerprinting area. A good agreement was found between the relative abundance of Prochlorococcus in the CE-SSCP fingerprints and flow cytometry counts (r2=0.66, P<0.05). The largest differences between total and active bacterial populations distribution were found at depths with higher bacterial activity (i.e. surface and deep chlorophyll maximum, DCM). SAR11 at the surface and Gammaproteobacteria at the DCM were the most abundant groups on the 16S rDNA-based fingerprints. However, their ratio of relative importance between rRNA : rDNA was <1 in most cases. Conversely, ratios observed for Prochlorococcus, were consistently >1 both at the surface and at the DCM. These results emphasize the need for combining rDNA- and rRNA-based analyses to better understand the functional role of individual bacterial populations in situ.