The cold pressor test for the pediatric population: refinement of procedures, development of norms, and study of psychological variables

J Pediatr Psychol. 2009 Aug;34(7):749-59. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsn107. Epub 2008 Oct 9.

Abstract

Objective: The aims of the study were: (a) to propose focal refinements to the cold pressor test (CPT) for the pediatric population, contributing to the development of subjective and behavioral norms; (b) to analyze the influence of personal (gender, age, and skin-fold thickness), and psychological (anxiety, depression, internalization, and externalization) variables on pain perception and its correlation with room temperature.

Methods: After a phase of adaptation in a water bath (24-27 degrees C), the child immersed one arm in cold water (10 degrees C) and reported pain threshold and tolerance.

Results: The test was conducted on 141 healthy children. Pain tolerance was reached within the first minute by 50% of the children. Pain intensity affected the children's emotional status. Older children tolerated pain for longer. Gender, psychological, and environmental variables did not influence pain perception.

Conclusion: This study provides methodological refinements to the CPT contributing to the development of norms for children.

Publication types

  • Evaluation Study

MeSH terms

  • Age Distribution
  • Anxiety / epidemiology
  • Anxiety / psychology
  • Child
  • Child Behavior / psychology
  • Cold Temperature*
  • Depression / epidemiology
  • Depression / psychology
  • Emotions
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Internal-External Control
  • Italy / epidemiology
  • Male
  • Pain / epidemiology
  • Pain / psychology*
  • Pain Measurement / methods
  • Pain Measurement / statistics & numerical data
  • Pain Threshold / psychology
  • Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / statistics & numerical data
  • Sex Distribution
  • Skinfold Thickness