The results of a chromosomal test by genetic amniocentesis in 58 cases with an increased nuchal translucency (NT; > or =3 mm thickness) revealed 47 cases showing a normal karyotype (81%) and 11 cases (19%) showing an abnormal karyotype. However, the cases of a normal karyotype with increased NT also included those with fetal abnormalities. Among the 49 cases in which NT was observed during the first trimester and then subsequently disappeared, chromosomal abnormalities were observed in five, and fetal abnormalities other than chromosomal abnormalities were observed in two. Meanwhile, all nine cases in which an increased NT remained or in which NT continued to increase in size during the second trimester were diagnosed as having cystic hygroma, and chromosomal abnormalities were found in six cases (67%). It should be noted that the shape of increased NT includes NT with a notch (notched NT) and NT without a notch (smooth NT). Among the 20 cases of notched NT, chromosomal abnormalities were observed in eight (40%), and cystic hygroma was observed in nine (45%). On the other hand, among the 38 cases of smooth NT, chromosomal abnormalities were observed in three (7.9%), but no cystic hygroma was observed. Our results confirm that increased NT does not always indicate a fetal abnormality. Whether NT thickness should be measured as a screening tool for fetal abnormalities remains controversial. However, increased NT may be detected by chance, because a maternal-fetal medical examination using ultrasonography is usually performed in Japan. It is therefore considered to be extremely important to establish a system in which cases are referred to obstetricians who are licensed clinical genetic specialists to obtain appropriate genetic counseling whenever increased NT is clinically observed.