Background: The drastic difference in healing capacity between the anterior cruciate ligament and the medial collateral ligament is still largely unexplained. Few studies have compared the profiles of messenger ribonucleic acid expression for healing-associated molecules in ligaments during the course of healing.
Hypothesis: Injury responses of the injured anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament are characterized by very different profiles of angiogenesis-promoting and repair-associated gene expression during the healing process.
Study design: Controlled laboratory study.
Methods: Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to assay expression of messenger ribonucleic acid for 11 healing- and angiogenesis-associated molecules at 3 days and 2, 6, and 16 weeks after anterior cruciate ligament or medial collateral ligament injury in adult female New Zealand White rabbits.
Results: Marked differences were found in the postinjury changes in messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the anterior cruciate ligament compared to the medial collateral ligament. Notably, messenger ribonucleic acid levels for the important repair-associated growth factor transforming growth factor-beta1 did not increase in injured anterior cruciate ligament at any time point. Similarly, unlike the injured medial collateral ligament, no statistically significant increases in messenger ribonucleic acid levels for the important scar matrix protein collagen III were detected in injured anterior cruciate ligament. In contrast, matrix metalloproteinase messenger ribonucleic acid levels were markedly elevated in injured anterior cruciate ligament but only modestly increased in medial collateral ligament.
Conclusion: The results suggest that injury leads to an antifibrotic, catabolic response in the rabbit anterior cruciate ligament, possibly to prevent fibrosis and diminish the risk for loss of joint motion.
Clinical relevance: The development of effective biologically based treatments for anterior cruciate ligament injuries will need to incorporate strategies to deal with the significant differences in the molecular responses to injury of these tissues.