p27(Kip1) (p27) blocks cell proliferation through the inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (Cdk2). Despite its robust expression in the heart, little is known about both the function and regulation of p27 in this and other nonproliferative tissues, in which the expression of its main target, cyclin E-Cdk2, is known to be very low. Here we show that angiotensin II, a major cardiac growth factor, induces the proteasomal degradation of p27 through protein kinase CK2-alpha'-dependent phosphorylation. Conversely, unphosphorylated p27 potently inhibits CK2-alpha'. Thus, the p27-CK2-alpha' interaction is regulated by hypertrophic signaling events and represents a regulatory feedback loop in differentiated cardiomyocytes analogous to, but distinct from, the feedback loop arising from the interaction of p27 with Cdk2 that controls cell proliferation. Our data show that extracellular growth factor signaling regulates p27 stability in postmitotic cells, and that inactivation of p27 by CK2-alpha' is crucial for agonist- and stress-induced cardiac hypertrophic growth.