Generation of EBV-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy: a novel protocol using formalin-fixed stimulator cells to increase biosafety

J Immunother. 2007 Nov-Dec;30(8):817-24. doi: 10.1097/CJI.0b013e318155a11c.

Abstract

Adoptive immunotherapy with in vitro generated Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific T cells is a safe and effective treatment in patients with EBV-related complications after transplantation. More frequent use of EBV-specific T cells is held back by their cost and time-intensive generation under good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions. Currently, EBV-specific T cells are produced by repetitive stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with EBV-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), a protocol that requires several open GMP-handling steps. The aim of the present study was to improve T-cell generation under GMP conditions. We introduce a novel generation protocol that replaces repetitive with short-term LCL stimulation of PMBCs. Vital and formalin-fixed LCLs were used to further increase biosafety. Stimulated T cells were selected by the clinically approved cytokine secretion assay followed by nonspecific expansion. Sufficient numbers of EBV-specific T-cell lines were generated with all protocols. Specific recognition and killing of EBV-infected targets was found and was independent of the generation protocol applied. The novel protocol based on formalin-fixed cells, selection, and expansion reduced open GMP-handling steps and increased biosafety. Furthermore, fixation will allow the use of transgenic LCLs (eg, with cytomegalovirus or tumor antigens) and thereby facilitate the generation of antigen-specific T cells directed against pathogens other than EBV.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • CD3 Complex / analysis
  • CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / immunology
  • CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / metabolism
  • CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / immunology
  • CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / metabolism
  • Cell Line
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Coculture Techniques / methods
  • Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
  • Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte / immunology
  • Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens / immunology
  • Formaldehyde / chemistry*
  • Herpesvirus 4, Human / immunology*
  • Humans
  • Immunophenotyping
  • Immunotherapy, Adoptive / methods*
  • Interferon-gamma / metabolism
  • Killer Cells, Natural / immunology
  • Killer Cells, Natural / metabolism
  • Leukocytes, Mononuclear / immunology
  • Lymphocyte Activation / immunology
  • Neoplasms / immunology
  • Neoplasms / pathology
  • Neoplasms / therapy
  • Oligopeptides / immunology
  • T-Lymphocytes / chemistry
  • T-Lymphocytes / cytology
  • T-Lymphocytes / immunology*
  • T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / immunology
  • T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / metabolism
  • T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / immunology
  • T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / metabolism
  • Tissue Fixation / methods*
  • Viral Matrix Proteins / immunology

Substances

  • CD3 Complex
  • EBNA-3A antigen
  • EBV-associated membrane antigen, Epstein-Barr virus
  • Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte
  • Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens
  • Oligopeptides
  • Viral Matrix Proteins
  • glycyl-leucyl-cysteinyl-threonyl-leucyl-valyl-alanyl-methionyl-leucine
  • Formaldehyde
  • Interferon-gamma