Even now, 60 years after the fundamental studies on oncological urinary cytology carried out by Papanicolaou and Marschall and the subsequent integration of the test they devised into the diagnostic investigations applied in the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma, urinary cytology still maintains its place in the diagnosis of primary and recurrent tumours of the urinary tract. Newer diagnostic techniques involving urine-bound tumour markers have not so far achieved such high levels of acceptance as their method. It is possible, certainly, that a combination of these newer methods with cytological testing, or with other innovative diagnostic methods, such as photodynamic techniques, could prove very promising in the future and might overcome the limitations of urinary cytology.